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  <h1 class="article-title">
    <span>Speaking Chinese in America</span>
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      发布 : 
      2019-05-12
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        分类 : 
          <a href="/categories/笔记/">
            笔记
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      <h2 id="1-Speaking-Chinese-in-America"><a href="#1-Speaking-Chinese-in-America" class="headerlink" title="1.Speaking Chinese in America"></a><strong>1.Speaking Chinese in America</strong></h2><p><strong>1</strong> Once,at a dinner on the Monterey <strong>Peninsula</strong> ,California,my mother <a href="https://translate.google.cn/#view=home&amp;op=translate&amp;sl=en&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;text=whispered" target="_blank" rel="noopener">whispered</a> to me <strong>confidentially</strong>:”Sau-sau(brother’s wife) <a href="https://translate.google.cn/#view=home&amp;op=translate&amp;sl=en&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;text=pretends" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pretends</a> too hard to be a <a href="https://translate.google.cn/#view=home&amp;op=translate&amp;sl=en&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;text=polite" target="_blank" rel="noopener">polite</a> <strong>recipient</strong>! Why bother with such nominal courtesy?In the end,she always takes everything”.</p>
<p><strong>2</strong> My mother acted like a <em>waixiao</em> , an <strong><a href="https://translate.google.cn/#view=home&amp;op=translate&amp;sl=en&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;text=emigrant" target="_blank" rel="noopener">emigrant</a></strong>,no longer <a href="https://translate.google.cn/#view=home&amp;op=translate&amp;sl=en&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;text=patient" target="_blank" rel="noopener">patient</a> with old <strong>taboos</strong> and <a href="https://translate.google.cn/#view=home&amp;op=translate&amp;sl=en&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;text=courtesies" target="_blank" rel="noopener">courtesies</a> .To prove her point ,she reached across the table to offer my elder aunt from Beijing the last <strong>scallop</strong> from the garlic seafood dish ,along with the <strong>flank</strong> steak and the <strong>cucumber</strong> salad.</p>
<p><strong>3</strong> Sau-sau frowned.”B’yao,zhen b’yao!”she cried,patting her substantial stomach.I don’t want it ,really I don’t.</p>
<p><strong>4</strong> “Take it! Take it!” my mother scolded in Chinese, as predictably as the <strong>lunar</strong> cycles.</p>
<p><strong>5</strong> “Full , I’m already  full,” Sau-sau <strong>muttered</strong> weakly,eying the scallop.</p>
<p><strong>6</strong> “Ai!” exclaimed my mother.”Nobody wants it. It will only rot!”.</p>
<p><strong>7</strong> Sau-sau sighed, acting as if she were doing my mother a favor by taking the scrap off the <strong>tray</strong> and sparing us the trouble of wrapping the leftovers in <strong>foil</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>8</strong> My mother turned to her brother , an experienced Chinese <strong>magistrate</strong>,visiting us for the first time.”In America, a Chinese person could starve to death. If you don’t <strong>breach</strong> the old rules of <strong>etiquette</strong> and say you want it, they won’t ask you again.”</p>
<p><strong>9</strong> My uncle nodded and said he understood fully: Americans take things quickly because they have no time to be polite.</p>
<p><strong>10</strong> I read an article <em>in The New York Times Magazine</em> on changes in New York’s little cultural <strong>colony</strong> of Chinatown where the author mentioned that the interwoven <strong>configuration</strong> of Chinese language and culture renders its speech indirect and polite. Chinese people are so “discreet and modest” the article started that there aren’t even words for “yes” and “no”.</p>
<p><strong>11</strong> Why do people keep <strong>fabricating</strong> these rumors? I thought. They describe us as though we were a <strong>tribe</strong> of those little dolls sold in Chinatown tourist shops heads moving up and down in contented agreement!</p>
<p><strong>12</strong> As any child of immigrant parents knows there is a special kind of double bind attached to knowing two languages. My parents for example spoke to me in both Chinese and English; I spoke back to them in English.</p>
<p><strong>13</strong> “Amy-ah!” they’d scold me.</p>
<p><strong>14</strong> “What?” I’d answer back.</p>
<p><strong>15</strong> “Do not question us when we call” they’d scold in Chinese. “It’s not respectful.”</p>
<p><strong>16</strong> “What do you mean?”</p>
<p><strong>17</strong> “Ai! Didn’t we just tell you not to question?”</p>
<p><strong>18</strong> If I consider my upbringing carefully I find there was nothing discreet about the Chinese language I grew up with no <strong>censorship</strong> for the sake of politeness. My parents made everything abundantly clear in their <strong>consecutive</strong> demands: “Of course you will become a famous <strong>aerospace</strong> engineer” they <strong>prodded</strong>. “And yes a concert pianist on the side.”</p>
<p><strong>19</strong> It seems that the more forceful <strong>proceedings</strong> always spilled over into Chinese: “Not that way! You must wash rice so not a single grain is lost.”</p>
<p><strong>20</strong> Having listened to both Chinese and English I’m suspicious of comparisons between the two languages as I notice the <strong>reciprocal</strong> challenges they each present. English speakers say Chinese is extremely difficult because different words can be <strong>denoted</strong> by very subtle variations in tone. English is often <strong>bracketed</strong> with the label of <strong>inconsistency</strong> a language of too many broken rules.</p>
<p><strong>21</strong> Even more dangerous in my view is the temptation to view the <strong>gulf</strong> between different languages and behavior in translation. To listen to my mother speak English an outside <strong>spectator</strong> might make the <strong>deduction</strong> that she has no concept of the <strong>temporal</strong> differences of past and future or that she is gender blind because she refers to my husband as “she”. If one were not careful one might also generalize that all Chinese people take an indirect route to get to the point. It is rather my mother’s individual tendency to <strong>ornament</strong> her language and wander around a bit.</p>
<p><strong>22</strong> I worry that the dominant society may see Chinese people from a limited perspective <strong>hedging</strong> us in with the stereotype. I worry that the seemingly <strong>innocent</strong> stereotype may lead to actual intolerance and be part of the reason why there are few Chinese in top management positions or in the main <strong>judiciary</strong> or political sectors. I worry about the power of language: If one says anything enough times it might become true with or without <strong>malicious</strong> intent.</p>
<p><strong>23</strong> Could this be why the Chinese friends of my parents’ generation are willing to accept the generalization?</p>
<p><strong>24</strong> “Why are you complaining?” one of them said to me. “If people think we are modest and polite let them think that. Wouldn’t Americans appreciate such an <strong>honorary</strong> description?”</p>
<p><strong>25</strong> And I do believe that anyone would take the description as a compliment  at first. But after a while it annoys as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the <strong>sieve</strong> of social <strong>niceties</strong>: I’m so pleased to meet you. I’ve heard many wonderful things about you.</p>
<p><strong>26</strong> These remarks are not representative of new ideas honest emotions or considered thought. Like a piece of bread they are only the <strong>crust</strong> of the interaction or what is said from the polite distance of social contexts: greetings farewells convenient excuses and the like. This generalization therefore is not a true <strong>composite</strong> of Chinese culture but only a stereotype of our <strong>exterior</strong> behavior.</p>
<p><strong>27</strong> “So how does one say ‘yes’ and ‘no’ in Chinese?” my friends may ask carefully.</p>
<p><strong>28</strong> At this <strong>junction</strong> I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article. There is no one word for “yes” or “no” but not out of necessity to be discreet. If anything I would say the Chinese equivalent of answering “yes” or “no” is specific to what is asked.</p>
<p><strong>29</strong> Ask a Chinese person if he or she has eaten and he or she might say chrle (eaten already) or meiyou (have not).</p>
<p><strong>30</strong> Ask “Have you stopped beating your wife?” and the answer refers directly to the proposition being asserted or denied: stopped already still have not never beat have no wife.</p>
<p><strong>31</strong> What could be clearer?</p>
<h2 id="2-Understanding-the-text"><a href="#2-Understanding-the-text" class="headerlink" title="2.Understanding the text"></a>2.Understanding the text</h2><blockquote>
<p>文章脉络：</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>1-9 段：</strong> 在餐桌上，通过对舅妈的描写，来表明，母亲认为中华文化的含蓄是一种虚伪，由此引出下文</p>
<p><strong>10-21 段：</strong> 讲述作者的一个成长经历，来说明中美文化之间的差异</p>
<p><strong>22-31 段：</strong> 作者客观地论证了中华文化特有的含蓄只是一种很正常不过的表达方式</p>
<ul>
<li>Answer the following questions</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Why did author’s mother describe her Sau-sau by using the expression “nominal courtesy”(Para. 1)at the dinner?  2. 3-7</li>
<li>What did the author’s mother suggest as the right way for the Chinese to respond at the dinner table in America?    </li>
<li>How did the article in <em>The New York Times Magazine</em> describe Chinese language and culture?</li>
<li>Why did the author’s parents scold her when she answered them with a question?</li>
<li>How do the author’s parents speak Chinese differently from what Americans think of Chinese?</li>
<li>In Paragraph 21,the author mentions how an outside observer might view Chinese people by just listening to her mother speak.Why does she discuss this?</li>
<li>How does the author feel about the description of Chinese people as being “modest and polite”(Para.24) ?</li>
<li>According to the text,how do Chinese people say “yes” or “no” when answering questions?</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="中华文化的含蓄是一种美"><a href="#中华文化的含蓄是一种美" class="headerlink" title="中华文化的含蓄是一种美"></a>中华文化的含蓄是一种美</h2><p>你咋不上天呢？</p>
<blockquote>
<p>阁下何不同风起？扶摇直上九万里</p>
</blockquote>
<p>睡你**起来嗨</p>
<blockquote>
<p>昼短苦夜长，何不秉烛游？</p>
</blockquote>
<p>我喜欢的人不喜欢我</p>
<blockquote>
<p>我心向山，君心向水</p>
</blockquote>
<p>有钱就是任性</p>
<blockquote>
<p>家有千金，行止由心</p>
</blockquote>
<p>和你聊不到一块去</p>
<blockquote>
<p>井蛙不可语海，夏虫不可语冰</p>
</blockquote>
<p>不要瞎BB</p>
<blockquote>
<p>勿聒噪，乱视听</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="3-Words"><a href="#3-Words" class="headerlink" title="3.Words:"></a>3.Words:</h4><h6 id="1-peninsula"><a href="#1-peninsula" class="headerlink" title="1.peninsula"></a>1.peninsula</h6><blockquote>
<p>pəˈninsələ</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>半岛</strong> </p>
<p>a piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting out into a body of water</p>
<p>一块几乎被水包围或伸入水体的土地</p>
<h6 id="2-confidentially"><a href="#2-confidentially" class="headerlink" title="2.confidentially"></a>2.confidentially</h6><blockquote>
<p>känfəˈdenSHəlē</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>私下的</strong></p>
<p>in a way that is intended to be private or secret; privately.</p>
<p>以一种私人或秘密的方式;私人。</p>
<p>whispered  </p>
<p>[ˈwɪspəd] </p>
<p>低声说</p>
<h6 id="3-emigrant"><a href="#3-emigrant" class="headerlink" title="3.emigrant"></a>3.emigrant</h6><blockquote>
<p>emigrənt</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>移民</strong></p>
<p>a person who leaves their own country in order to settle permanently in another</p>
<p>离开自己国家，永久定居在另一个国家的人</p>
<p>migrant n. 移民</p>
<p>emigrant   移民 （移出本国）</p>
<p>immigrant  移民（移入本国）</p>
<h6 id="4-recipient"><a href="#4-recipient" class="headerlink" title="4.recipient"></a>4.recipient</h6><blockquote>
<p>riˈsipēənt</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>接受者</strong></p>
<p>a person or thing that receives or is awarded something.</p>
<p>接受或获得某种东西的人或物。</p>
<h6 id="5-taboos"><a href="#5-taboos" class="headerlink" title="5.taboos"></a>5.taboos</h6><blockquote>
<p>ta-,təˈbo͞o</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>禁忌</strong></p>
<p>a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.</p>
<p>社会或宗教习俗，禁止或禁止讨论特定的做法或禁止与特定的人，地点或事物联系。</p>
<h6 id="6-scallop"><a href="#6-scallop" class="headerlink" title="6.scallop"></a>6.scallop</h6><blockquote>
<p>ˈskal-,ˈskäləp</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>扇贝</strong></p>
<p>each of a series of convex rounded projections forming an ornamental edging cut in material or worked in lace or knitting in imitation of the edge of a scallop shell.</p>
<p>一系列凸起的圆形凸起中的每一个形成装饰边缘的材料切割或在花边或针织中加工，仿制扇贝壳的边缘。</p>
<h6 id="7-flank"><a href="#7-flank" class="headerlink" title="7.flank"></a>7.flank</h6><blockquote>
<p>flaNGk</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>侧翼</strong></p>
<p>the side of a person’s or animal’s body between the ribs and the hip.</p>
<p>肋骨和臀部之间的人或动物身体的一侧。</p>
<ul>
<li>肋部</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>军队的侧翼</li>
</ul>
<p>the commander ordered his troops to attack right flank of the army</p>
<p>指挥官命令他的部队攻击军队的右翼。</p>
<p>bookcases flank the bed</p>
<p>床边的书柜</p>
<h6 id="8-cucumber"><a href="#8-cucumber" class="headerlink" title="8.cucumber"></a>8.cucumber</h6><blockquote>
<p>kyo͞oˌkəmbər</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>黄瓜</strong></p>
<p>a long, green-skinned fruit with watery flesh, usually eaten raw in salads or pickled</p>
<p>一种长的绿皮水果，果肉含水，通常在沙拉中生吃或腌制</p>
<p>sea cucumber 海参</p>
<p>cool as a cucumber像黄瓜一样凉</p>
<h6 id="9-lunar"><a href="#9-lunar" class="headerlink" title="9.lunar"></a>9.lunar</h6><blockquote>
<p>ˈlo͞onər</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>月亮</strong></p>
<p>of, determined by, relating to, or resembling the moon.</p>
<p>月亮的，由月亮决定的，与月亮相关的，或类似的。</p>
<p>lunar calendar  = Chinese calendar 阴历</p>
<p>solar calendar  阳历</p>
<p>lunar new year 农历新年</p>
<h6 id="10-muttered"><a href="#10-muttered" class="headerlink" title="10.muttered"></a>10.muttered</h6><blockquote>
<p>ˈmətər</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>喃喃</strong></p>
<p>say something in a low or barely audible voice, especially in dissatisfaction or irritation.</p>
<p>用低声或几乎听不见的声音说话，特别是在不满或恼怒中。</p>
<h6 id="11-tray"><a href="#11-tray" class="headerlink" title="11.tray"></a>11.tray</h6><blockquote>
<p>trā</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>托盘</strong></p>
<p>a flat, shallow container with a raised rim, typically used for carrying food and drink, or for holding small items.</p>
<p>带有凸起边缘的扁平浅容器，通常用于携带食物和饮料，或用于存放小物品。</p>
<p>roast 烤</p>
<p>baking tray 烤盘</p>
<p>paper tray 纸盘</p>
<h6 id="12-foil"><a href="#12-foil" class="headerlink" title="12.foil"></a>12.foil</h6><blockquote>
<p>foil</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>箔</strong></p>
<p>very light thin sheets of metal used for wrapping things,esp.food </p>
<p>非常轻薄的金属薄片，用于包装东西，特别是食品</p>
<h6 id="13-magistrate"><a href="#13-magistrate" class="headerlink" title="13.magistrate"></a>13.magistrate</h6><blockquote>
<p>ˈmajəˌstrāt</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>法官</strong></p>
<p>a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones.</p>
<p>管理法律的民事官员或非专业法官，尤指负责处理轻微罪行的法院，并为更严重的罪行举行初步听证会。</p>
<h6 id="14-breach"><a href="#14-breach" class="headerlink" title="14.breach"></a>14.breach</h6><blockquote>
<p>brēCH</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>违背</strong></p>
<p>an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct.</p>
<p>违反或未遵守法律，协议或行为准则的行为。</p>
<p>n. ~ of contract 合同的</p>
<p>~  of trust  信任的</p>
<p>breach of duty  失职</p>
<h6 id="15-etiquette"><a href="#15-etiquette" class="headerlink" title="15.etiquette"></a>15.etiquette</h6><blockquote>
<p>etikit</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>礼节</strong></p>
<p>the customary code of polite behavior in society or among members of a particular  groupprofession or.</p>
<p>社会中或在特定组织成员或成员中的礼貌行为的习惯规范。</p>
<h6 id="16-colony"><a href="#16-colony" class="headerlink" title="16.colony"></a>16.colony</h6><p>聚居人群，殖民地</p>
<p>settlement n. 定居点；解决；结算</p>
<h6 id="17-configuration"><a href="#17-configuration" class="headerlink" title="17.configuration"></a>17.configuration</h6><h6 id="18-fabricating"><a href="#18-fabricating" class="headerlink" title="18.fabricating"></a>18.fabricating</h6><p>编造，捏造</p>
<p>make up 制造</p>
<p>manufacture 制造</p>
<p>fabricate vt.</p>
<p>编造</p>
<p>they fabricate auto parts for thousands of car models</p>
<p>他们为数以千计的汽车模型制造汽车零件。</p>
<h6 id="19-tribe"><a href="#19-tribe" class="headerlink" title="19.tribe"></a>19.tribe</h6><p>部落，一伙</p>
<p>The 14-year-old young man joined the tribe</p>
<p>这个14岁的少年入了伙</p>
<h6 id="20-censorship"><a href="#20-censorship" class="headerlink" title="20.censorship"></a>20.censorship</h6><h6 id="21-consecutive"><a href="#21-consecutive" class="headerlink" title="21.consecutive"></a>21.consecutive</h6><p>连续的，不间断的</p>
<p>consecutive days 连续日</p>
<p>consecutive interpreting 交替传译</p>
<p>consecutive reaction  连锁反应</p>
<h6 id="22-aerospace"><a href="#22-aerospace" class="headerlink" title="22.aerospace"></a>22.aerospace</h6><p>航空航天,</p>
<h6 id="23-prodded"><a href="#23-prodded" class="headerlink" title="23.prodded"></a>23.prodded</h6><p>督促，激励</p>
<p>when demand begins to pick up,businesses will prod existing employees to work harder</p>
<p>当需求开始回升时，企业将促使现有员工更加努力地工作。</p>
<p>the proceedings Millions of people watched the proceedings on television</p>
<p>数百万人在电视上看这个活动</p>
<h6 id="24-proceedings"><a href="#24-proceedings" class="headerlink" title="24.proceedings"></a>24.proceedings</h6><p>Mike is taking legal proceedings against his ex-partner</p>
<p>迈克正在起诉他的前合伙人。</p>
<p>legal proceedings 法律程序</p>
<p>civil proceedings 民事诉讼</p>
<p>judicial proceedings 司法程序</p>
<h6 id="25-reciprocal"><a href="#25-reciprocal" class="headerlink" title="25.reciprocal"></a>25.reciprocal</h6><p>互相的</p>
<h6 id="26-denoted"><a href="#26-denoted" class="headerlink" title="26.denoted"></a>26.denoted</h6><p>指示</p>
<p>the flashing lights denote dangerous roads ahead</p>
<p>闪光表示前方道路危险。</p>
<h6 id="27-bracketed"><a href="#27-bracketed" class="headerlink" title="27.bracketed"></a>27.bracketed</h6><p>round bracket  圆括号</p>
<h6 id="28-inconsistency"><a href="#28-inconsistency" class="headerlink" title="28.inconsistency"></a>28.inconsistency</h6><h6 id="29-gulf"><a href="#29-gulf" class="headerlink" title="29.gulf"></a>29.gulf</h6><p>鸿沟</p>
<p>gulf of mexico 墨西哥湾</p>
<p>Persian gulf </p>
<p>gulf war 海湾战争</p>
<h6 id="30-spectator"><a href="#30-spectator" class="headerlink" title="30.spectator"></a>30.spectator</h6><p>观众</p>
<p>audience 观众（看电视电影的）</p>
<p>onlooker 旁观者</p>
<h6 id="31-deduction"><a href="#31-deduction" class="headerlink" title="31.deduction"></a>31.deduction</h6><p>推理，推断</p>
<p>deduce 推断</p>
<p>induce 诱导，引诱</p>
<p>seduce  勾引</p>
<p>tax deduction 减税</p>
<p>logical deduction 逻辑推理</p>
<p>deduction method 扣除法</p>
<h6 id="32-temporal"><a href="#32-temporal" class="headerlink" title="32.temporal"></a>32.temporal</h6><h6 id="33-ornament"><a href="#33-ornament" class="headerlink" title="33.ornament"></a>33.ornament</h6><p>装饰，点缀，美化</p>
<p>v. decorate,beautify</p>
<p>n. deornament 装饰品</p>
<h6 id="34-hedge"><a href="#34-hedge" class="headerlink" title="34.hedge"></a>34.hedge</h6><p>用树篱围住</p>
<p>In ancient times,people hedged their houses with trees and branches to fight against beasts </p>
<p>在古代，人们用树篱围住房屋，防止野兽袭击</p>
<p>In ancient times, people fenced houses to prevent wild animals from attacking them.</p>
<p>在古代，人们用树篱围住房屋，防止野兽袭击</p>
<h6 id="35-intolerance"><a href="#35-intolerance" class="headerlink" title="35.intolerance"></a>35.intolerance</h6><p>不宽容</p>
<h6 id="36-judiciary"><a href="#36-judiciary" class="headerlink" title="36.judiciary"></a>36.judiciary</h6><h6 id="37-malicious"><a href="#37-malicious" class="headerlink" title="37.malicious"></a>37.malicious</h6><h6 id="38-honorary"><a href="#38-honorary" class="headerlink" title="38.honorary"></a>38.honorary</h6><h6 id="39-sieve"><a href="#39-sieve" class="headerlink" title="39.sieve"></a>39.sieve</h6><h6 id="40-nicety"><a href="#40-nicety" class="headerlink" title="40.nicety"></a>40.nicety</h6><h6 id="41-crust"><a href="#41-crust" class="headerlink" title="41.crust"></a>41.crust</h6><h6 id="42-composite"><a href="#42-composite" class="headerlink" title="42.composite"></a>42.composite</h6><h6 id="43-exterior"><a href="#43-exterior" class="headerlink" title="43.exterior"></a>43.exterior</h6><h6 id="44-junction"><a href="#44-junction" class="headerlink" title="44.junction"></a>44.junction</h6><blockquote>
<p>nominal  a.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>名义上的</p>
<p>she’s the nominal head of our college-the real work is done by the vice dean</p>
<p>她是我们学院的名义校长。真正的工作是由副院长完成的。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>treatment</p>
</blockquote>
<p>the poor can get treatment here at only nominal fees</p>
<p>穷人在这里只能得到象征性的治疗</p>
<ol>
<li>为什么作者的母亲在晚宴上使用“形式上的礼貌”（第1段）这个词来描述她的Sau-sau？</li>
<li>作者的母亲建议中国人在美国的餐桌上做出回应的正确途径是什么？</li>
<li>“纽约时报”杂志的文章是如何描述中国语言和文化的？</li>
<li>为什么作者的父母在回答问题时骂她？</li>
<li>作者的父母如何说中文与美国人对中文的看法不同？</li>
<li>在第21段中，作者提到外部观察者如何通过听母亲的话来看待中国人。为什么她会这样讨论？</li>
<li>作者如何看待中国人对“谦虚和礼貌”的描述（第24段）？</li>
<li>根据案文，中国人在回答问题时如何说“是”或“不”？</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>原文翻译如下：</p>
<h2 id="在美国说中文"><a href="#在美国说中文" class="headerlink" title="在美国说中文"></a>在美国说中文</h2></blockquote>
<p><strong>1</strong> 有一次，在加州蒙特雷半岛上用餐时，我母亲私下悄悄地对我说：“嫂嫂想做个彬彬有礼的客人，但是装得太厉害了！何必费劲讲究形式上的客套呢？到最后她还是什么都要。”</p>
<p><strong>2</strong> 我母亲行事像个“外侨”，即一个移民国外的侨民，因为她已经不耐烦老一套的禁忌和礼数了。为了证明她刚才的观点，她手伸过桌子，把蒜香海鲜拼盘里的最后一个扇贝，连同牛腩排及黄瓜沙拉一起，递给我从北京来的年长舅妈。</p>
<p><strong>3</strong> 嫂嫂皱起了眉头，“不要，真不要！”她一边大声说一边拍着自己已经吃得很饱的肚子。我不要了，真的不要了。</p>
<p><strong>4</strong> “拿去吧！拿去吧！”我母亲用中文责备道。预料到她就会这样，就像月亮盈亏周期似的。</p>
<p><strong>5</strong> “饱了，我已经饱了，”嫂嫂低声嘀咕着，眼睛却瞟着扇贝。</p>
<p><strong>6</strong> “哎！”我母亲感叹着说，“没人愿意吃，只能让它坏掉了！”</p>
<p><strong>7</strong> 嫂嫂叹了口气，从碟子上拿去了那个扇贝，就好像是帮了我母亲一个大忙，并省去了我们用箔纸将剩菜打包的麻烦似的。</p>
<p><strong>8</strong> 我母亲转头看着她兄长——一位经验丰富的中国地方法官，这是他初次来看我们。她说：“在美国，一个中国人可能会饿死。要是你不打破老一套的礼数说你要吃，他们就不会再问你了。”</p>
<p><strong>9</strong> 我舅舅点点头，说他完全理解：美国人待人接物快速迅捷，因为他们没有时间客气来客气去。</p>
<p><strong>10</strong> 我在《纽约时报杂志》上读到过一篇文章，描述的是纽约市内的中国城这一小块文化聚居地的变迁。作者在文章中提到，中国语言与文化错综交织，使中文十分委婉和客套。中国人是如此“谨慎和谦虚”，文章开头写道，以至于他们都没有词语来表达“是”和“不是”。</p>
<p><strong>11</strong> 我思索着，为什么人们会不断地编造这样的谣言呢？他们把我们描述得就像是唐人街旅游品商店里出售的一批小布娃娃。那些布娃娃的头不停地上下晃动，似乎对一切都心满意足，完全赞同。</p>
<p><strong>12</strong> 生于移民家庭的孩子都清楚，有一种特殊的两难境地与说两种语言的生活联系在一起。比如我父母，他们和我说话时中文和英文都用，但我和他们说话时只用英文。</p>
<p><strong>13</strong> “艾米啊！”他们会这样责备我。</p>
<p><strong>14</strong> “怎么啦？”我会回问道。</p>
<p><strong>15</strong> “我们叫你时，不要对我们反问，”他们会用中文训斥道“这是不礼貌的！”</p>
<p><strong>16</strong> “你们什么意思？”</p>
<p><strong>17</strong> “哎！我们不是刚刚说过，叫你不要反问吗？”</p>
<p><strong>18</strong> 仔细想想自己的成长过程，我发现，我从小到大所接触到的中文并不是什么特别谨慎的语言，也不存在出于客气而对所说的话进行仔细检查的现象。我父母向我提一连串的要求时，总是把一切都表述得清清楚楚：“你当然会成为著名的航空工程师，”他们会鼓励我说，“对了，你业余时间还要做音乐会的钢琴师。”</p>
<p><strong>19</strong> 似乎更加强硬的事情总是通过中文倾泻出来：“不能那样！你淘米的时候，必须一粒都不漏。”</p>
<p><strong>20</strong> 由于一直同时听着中英文两种语言，故而我对它们之间的任何对比总是心存怀疑，因为我注意到它们各自都有对方所没有的难点。说英文的人会认为中文极其难，因为中文用非常微妙的声调变化就可以表示不同的词语。而英文则常常被认为缺乏一致性，因为英文具有太多不合规则的用法。</p>
<p><strong>21</strong> 在我看来，更危险的做法是，人们往往倾向于通过翻译来理解不同语言和行为之间的差异。如果一个旁观的外人听我母亲说英语，可能会得出结论，说她对过去和将来这样的时间区别没有概念，或者认为她对人的性别不加区分，因为她提到我丈夫时总是说“她”。如果一个人对此类现象不假思虑，他也许还会概括说，所有中国人都是通过委婉迂回的方式才能说到话题重点的。而实际上喜欢修饰和绕弯子只是我母亲个人的说话风格。</p>
<p><strong>22</strong> 我担心主流社会可能会从一个狭隘的角度、以一种成见看待中国人。我担心这种看似无害的成见实际会导致人们对中国人难以容忍，并成为中国人在高层管理职位或主要的司法及政府部门寥寥无几的部分原因。我担心语言的力量，即如果一个人将一件事说了很多遍，无论其是否有恶意，这件事都会变成事实。</p>
<p><strong>23</strong> 这会不会就是我父母辈的中国朋友愿意接受那些对中国人的简单概括的原因呢？</p>
<p><strong>24</strong> “你为什么要抱怨呢？”他们中有人问我。“如果人们认为我们谦虚礼让，就让他们那样想好了。难道美国人不喜欢这种赞誉性的话吗？”</p>
<p><strong>25</strong> 我当然相信每个人在一开始都会把这种描述的话当成称赞。但过了一段时间，这种话就会让人恼怒，就好像所听到的只是些经过细微的社交区别过滤后的言辞，诸如“很高兴认识你，我听到许多人都夸奖你”之类的话。</p>
<p><strong>26</strong> 这些话不能表达什么新观点，也不能传达什么真实的情感或深思熟虑的想法。它们就像一片面包，只是人们交往中最表层的东西，或社交场合下出于礼貌而说的一些话：问候、道别、顺口的托词，诸如此类。由此看来，那些对中国人的概括性评价并非是对中国文化成分的真实描述，而仅仅是对我们外在行为的一种成见而已。</p>
<p><strong>27</strong> “那么中文究竟怎么表达‘是’和‘不是’呢？”我的朋友也许会小心翼翼地问。</p>
<p><strong>28</strong> 在这一点上，我的确在某种程度上同意《纽约时报杂志》的那篇文章。在中文里，没有哪一个字专门用于表达“是”或“不是”，但这并非是因为需要保持谨慎。若的确有什么不同的话，那我会说中文里对应的“是”或“不是”的表达通常是针对所问的具体内容而定的。</p>
<p><strong>29</strong> 如果你问一个中国人是否吃饭了，他（或她）会说“吃了”（已经吃过）或“没有”（没有吃过）。</p>
<p><strong>30</strong> 你若问：“你停止打老婆了吗？”他会直接就所断定或所否认的假设进行回答：已经停止了，还没有，从来不打，没有老婆。</p>
<p><strong>31</strong> 还有什么能比这更明了的呢？</p>
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      .then(results => resolve(results))
      .catch(error => reject(error))
    })
  }

  const create = (identity) => {
    identity = identity || getRealPath();
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      let Todo = AV.Object.extend('Timer');
      let todo = new Todo();
      todo.set("times", 1);
      todo.set("identity", identity);
      todo.save().then(res => resolve(true), error => reject(error));
    })
  }

  const update = (identity) => {
    identity = identity || getRealPath();
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      let query = new AV.Query('Timer');
      query.equalTo("identity", identity);
      query.find().then(todos => {
        todos.forEach(todo => {
          todo.set("times", todo.attributes.times + 1);
        });
        return AV.Object.saveAll(todos);
      }).then(todos => resolve(true), error => reject(error));
    })
  }

  return {
    isExist,
    _get,
    update,
    create
  }
})()

const calcAndWriteTimes = () => {
  let isPost = true;

  let timerAllDOM = document.querySelectorAll(".article-timer");

  if(isPost) {
    let identity = timerAllDOM[0].getAttribute("data-identity");
    valineAPI.isExist(identity)
    .then(exist => {
      if(exist) {
        return valineAPI.update(identity);
      }
      return new Promise(resolve => resolve(true));
    })
    .then( succuess => valineAPI._get(identity))
    .then( result => timerAllDOM[0].innerText = result[0].attributes.times)
    .catch(error => console.log(error.message))
    return ;
  }

  let timerDOMCache = {};

  for(let timerDOM of timerAllDOM) {
    let identity = timerDOM.getAttribute("data-identity");
    if(timerDOMCache.hasOwnProperty(identity)){
      timerDOMCache[identity].dom.push(timerDOM);
    }else{
      timerDOMCache[identity] = {
        dom: [timerDOM],
        times: undefined
      };
    }
  }

  let identities = Object.keys(timerDOMCache);
  valineAPI._get(identities).then(results => {
    for(let result of results) {
      let {identity, times} = result.attributes;
      timerDOMCache[identity].times = times;
      timerDOMCache[identity].dom.map(item => item.innerText = times);
    }
    for(let identity of identities) {
      if(timerDOMCache[identity].times){
        continue;
      }
      timerDOMCache[identity].dom.map(item => item.innerText = 1);
      valineAPI.create(identity);
    }
  }).catch(error => console.log(error.message))
}

if(true){
  calcAndWriteTimes();
}
</script>
   

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